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Exam Code: ABVM ENDO
Exam Name: American Board of Vascular Medicine Endovascular Medicine
Number of Questions: 135 multiple-choice questions.
Time Allotted: 180 minutes (3 hours)
Passing Score: 300 to 700

To pass, you must achieve a scaled score of at least 555.

- Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Screening
- Pathophysiology
- Arterial Diseases: Atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, restenosis, aneurysm formation, dissection.
- Venous Diseases: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), varicose veins, post-thrombotic syndrome.
- typical Vascular Disorders: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), vasculitis (e.g., Takayasu, giant cell arteritis), Buerger's disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, popliteal entrapment - drome, cystic adventitial disease.
- Lymphatic Diseases: Lymphedema (primary/secondary), lymphangitis.

- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Arterial: Smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, age, family history, chronic kidney disease.
- Venous: Immobility, surgery, cancer, hypercoagulable states (Factor V Leiden, antithrombin deficiency), oral contraceptives.

- Clinical Standards for Screening
- Ankle-brachial index (ABI) thresholds, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening in men >65 with smoking history, carotid screening in high-risk patients.

- Atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, Virchow's triad, Rutherford classification (for PAD), CEAP classification (for venous disease).

- Diagnosis and Testing
- History and Physical Exam
- Arterial: Claudication, critical limb ischemia (CLI), rest pain, tissue loss; pulses (femoral, popliteal, pedal), bruits, dependent rubor, ulcers.
- Venous: Leg swelling, pain worse with dependency, varicose veins, stasis dermatitis, ulcers (medial malleolus).
- Atypical: String-of-beads appearance (FMD), livedo reticularis (vasculitis).
- Lymphatic: Pitting/non-pitting edema, Stemmer's sign.

- Differential Diagnosis, Imaging, and Laboratory Evaluation
- Arterial: Duplex ultrasound, CTA/MRA, angiography; ABI, toe-brachial index (TBI), pulse volume recordings (PVR).
- Venous: Duplex for reflux/DVT, venography, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).
- Atypical: Specific imaging for vasculitis (PET-CT), entrapment (provocative maneuvers).

- Duplex ultrasound (reflux >0.5-1s), ABI <0.9 (PAD), D-dimer, Wells score (DVT/PE), TASC classification (aortoiliac lesions).

- Treatment and Interventions
- Endovascular Interventions and Surgery
- Arterial: Angioplasty (PTA), stenting (self-expanding, balloon-expandable, drug-eluting, covered), atherectomy (directional, orbital, laser), thrombolysis/catheter-directed therapy (CDT).
- Sites: Aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, tibial, renal, carotid, subclavian.
- Aneurysm: EVAR (endovascular aneurysm repair), fenestrated/branched grafts.

- Venous: Venous stenting (iliac veins for May-Thurner), IVC filter placement/retrieval, venous ablation (radiofrequency, laser), sclerotherapy.
- Atypical: Embolization for aneurysms/malformations, stenting for FMD/entrapment.

- Procedural Complications
- Arterial: Dissection, perforation, embolization, access site hematoma, contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), radiation injury.
- Venous: Thrombosis post-stenting, filter migration/fracture, pulmonary embolism during intervention.
- Atypical: Compartment syndrome, reperfusion injury.

- Medical Treatment
- Arterial: Antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel), statins, cilostazol, anticoagulation (DOACs, warfarin).
- Venous: Anticoagulation (heparin, DOACs), compression therapy.
- Atypical: Immunosuppression for vasculitis.
- Lymphatic: Compression garments, manual lymphatic drainage.

- Clinical Guidelines for Intervention
- Indications per SVS/ESVS/ACC guidelines: CLI vs. lifestyle-limiting claudication, TASC II/III lesions, chronic total occlusions (CTO).

- Chronic total occlusion (CTO), drug-coated balloon (DCB), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), thrombolysis (tPA), dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), Rutherford/Boland categories, Fontaine stages.

- Prognosis, Surveillance, and Re-intervention
- Arterial: Patency rates (primary/secondary), limb salvage, amputation-free survival; duplex surveillance post-EVAR/stenting.
- Venous: Post-thrombotic syndrome risk, recurrence rates.
- Atypical: Disease progression in vasculitis/FMD.

- Endoleak (Types I-V post-EVAR), in-stent restenosis (ISR), target lesion revascularization (TLR), duplex criteria for restenosis (>50% velocity ratio >2-3).